Early Signs and Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer You Shouldn’t Ignore
Colorectal cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer deaths in Alabama and the U.S., with cases rising among adults ages 20 to 49. The American Cancer Society estimates 154,270 Americans will be diagnosed, and 52,900 will die from the disease in 2025. Understanding the early symptoms of colorectal cancer and recognizing the warning signs can help with timely diagnosis and treatment.
What Is Colorectal Cancer?
Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer, begins in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the large intestine. It often starts as colon polyps, which are small growths in the colon’s lining. While most polyps are benign, some can become cancerous over time, increasing the risk of colorectal cancer.
Early Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer
Detecting colorectal cancer in its early stages can be challenging because symptoms may be mild or mistaken for other digestive issues. However, some of the first signs should not be ignored. Common symptoms include:
- Change in Bowel Habits
A noticeable change in bowel habits, such as constipation or diarrhea, that lasts more than a few days can be an early warning sign. If you experience persistent irregularities, it is important to consult a doctor. - Rectal Bleeding
Blood in stool or rectal bleeding is one of the most alarming symptoms of colorectal cancer. It can appear as bright red blood or cause stools to be dark and tarry. While rectal bleeding can be linked to other conditions like hemorrhoids, persistent bleeding warrants a medical evaluation. - Abdominal Pain or Discomfort
Persistent abdominal pain, cramping, or bloating may indicate colorectal cancer. These symptoms can be caused by a tumor obstructing the digestive tract. - Unexplained Weight Loss
Losing weight unexpectedly without changes in diet or exercise is another potential symptom of colorectal cancer. Cancer cells alter the body’s metabolism, leading to unintended weight loss. - Iron Deficiency Anemia
Iron deficiency anemia can occur due to chronic blood loss from colorectal cancer. Symptoms of anemia include unexplained weakness and fatigue. A blood test can help detect this condition. - Feeling That Your Bowel Movement Is Incomplete
If you frequently feel that you need to have a bowel movement but nothing passes, or you experience straining, it could indicate a blockage in the colon caused by a tumor. - A Narrowing of Stool Shape
Stools that appear thinner than usual, like pencil-thin stools, may suggest an obstruction in the colon and should be evaluated.
Who Is at Risk for Colorectal Cancer?
Several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing colorectal cancer, including:
- Medical Risk Factors Include:
- Inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis
- A personal or family history of colon cancer, rectum cancer or colorectal polyps
- Genetic syndromes such as Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
- Lifestyle Factors Include:
- Lack of regular physical activity
- A diet low in fruits, vegetables and fiber
- A diet high in processed foods, fat and salt
- Anemia
- Overweight and obesity
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Smoking and use of tobacco products
How Is Colorectal Cancer Diagnosed?
If symptoms suggest colon cancer or colorectal cancer, a doctor may order more tests, including:
- Colonoscopy: A long, flexible tube is inserted into the rectum to examine the colon for polyps or tumors.
- Physical Exam and Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A physician uses a gloved finger to check for abnormalities in the rectum.
- Imaging Tests: CT scans and MRIs help assess the extent of the disease.
Treatment Options for Colorectal Cancer
Treatment for colorectal cancer depends on the stage and location of the tumor. Common treatment options include:
- Surgery: The primary treatment for early-stage colorectal cancer involves removing the affected portion of the colon or rectum.
- Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays target and kill cancer cells, often used for rectal cancer.
- Chemotherapy: Medications destroy cancer cells and are commonly used when cancer has spread beyond the colon.
- Targeted Therapy: This approach focuses on specific molecules that contribute to cancer growth, offering a more precise treatment.
Prevention and Early Detection
Regular screenings are essential in preventing colorectal cancer. The American Cancer Society advises individuals at average risk to start screening at age 45. For those with a family history or other factors that increase risk, earlier screening may be necessary. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking, can also reduce the likelihood of developing colorectal cancer.
Conclusion
Recognizing the early symptoms of colorectal cancer—such as changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, and unexplained weight loss—can lead to early detection and better treatment outcomes. If you’re experiencing any concerning symptoms or are due for a screening, don’t wait. Schedule your appointment with Birmingham Gastroenterology today and take a proactive step toward your health.