Food Intolerances Vs. Allergies: Understanding The Differences

Eating is, without a doubt, one of the pleasures of life. Not to mention that food contains nutrients that are essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of the body. However, for some individuals, consuming certain foods can be a source of discomfort or even danger due to food intolerances and allergies. In fact, food allergies are estimated to affect 4% – 6% of children and 4% of adults

Food Intolerances Vs. Food Allergies

While allergies and intolerances are often used interchangeably, they have distinct differences when it comes to reactions in the body. Understanding the differences between food intolerances and allergies is crucial for managing dietary restrictions and ensuring overall well-being. Here at Birmingham Gastroenterology, we want to educate our patients on the differences between food intolerance and food allergies.

Food Allergies

Food allergies are immune system responses to specific proteins in foods. When someone with a food allergy consumes a triggering food, their immune system perceives the proteins as harmful invaders and sets off an attack. This can lead to a number of symptoms that can range from mild to severe, known as an allergic reaction. Common food allergy symptoms include 

• Hives
• Itching
• Swelling
• Difficulty breathing
• Diarrhea and vomiting 

In severe cases, a food allergy can trigger anaphylaxis, a life-threatening reaction characterized by extreme swelling, difficulty breathing, a drop in blood pressure, and loss of consciousness.

Food Intolerances

Food intolerances are not immune responses but rather involve the digestive system’s inability to properly process certain components of food. The most common food intolerances include lactose intolerance, gluten intolerance, and intolerance to certain food additives like sulfites or MSG. Food intolerance symptoms may include

• Diarrhea
• Gas and bloating
• Heartburn
• Nausea
• Stomach pain or an upset stomach.

One of the key distinctions between food allergies and intolerances is that allergies typically occur even with a minuscule amount of the allergen, while food intolerances may require a larger amount of food for symptoms to occur.

The Differences Between Allergies And Intolerances

Onset and Duration

One difference between food allergies and intolerances is the timing of symptoms and their duration. Food allergies typically result in immediate reactions, often within minutes or up to an hour after consumption. On the other hand, food intolerances may happen hours or even days after consuming the problematic food. Additionally, food allergy symptoms usually resolve relatively quickly once the allergen is eliminated, whereas food intolerance symptoms may linger or recur if the offending substance is reintroduced.

Severity and Management

Food allergies, especially severe ones, demand strict avoidance of the allergen. People with severe allergies often carry epinephrine auto-injectors (EpiPens) to counteract anaphylactic reactions and should be careful about reading food labels and inquiring about food preparation methods when dining out.

Managing food intolerances is often less strict. Many individuals with intolerances can tolerate small amounts of the offending food or use substitutes to enjoy their favorite dishes. For instance, lactose-intolerant individuals can opt for lactose-free dairy products or take lactase supplements to reduce symptoms.

Cross-Contamination Concerns

Cross-contamination is a significant concern for individuals with food allergies, as even a very small trace of the allergen can trigger a reaction. This means that people with allergies must be cautious when dining out, attending social events, or buying packaged foods. 

For those with food intolerances, cross-contamination is generally less of a concern, although it can still cause discomfort. Individuals with severe intolerances or multiple intolerances may need to be equally careful in their food choices to avoid symptoms.

Food intolerances and allergies may be similar in nature but are distinct conditions with different outcomes for individuals. Here at Birmingham Gastroenterology, we have decades of experience treating diseases and disorders in all parts of the digestive system. To make an appointment to discuss your symptoms and treatment options or to ask questions about food intolerances and allergies, call us at (205) 271-8000.